\( % Math symbol commands \newcommand{\intd}{\,\mathrm{d}} % Symbol 'd' used in integration, such as 'dx' \newcommand{\diff}{\mathrm{d}} % Symbol 'd' used in differentiation \newcommand{\Diff}{\mathrm{D}} % Symbol 'D' used in differentiation \newcommand{\pdiff}{\partial} % Partial derivative \newcommand{\DD}[2]{\frac{\diff}{\diff #2}\left( #1 \right)} \newcommand{\Dd}[2]{\frac{\diff #1}{\diff #2}} \newcommand{\PD}[2]{\frac{\pdiff}{\pdiff #2}\left( #1 \right)} \newcommand{\Pd}[2]{\frac{\pdiff #1}{\pdiff #2}} \newcommand{\rme}{\mathrm{e}} % Exponential e \newcommand{\rmi}{\mathrm{i}} % Imaginary unit i \newcommand{\rmj}{\mathrm{j}} % Imaginary unit j \newcommand{\vect}[1]{\boldsymbol{#1}} % Vector typeset in bold and italic \newcommand{\normvect}{\vect{n}} % Normal vector: n \newcommand{\dform}[1]{\overset{\rightharpoonup}{\boldsymbol{#1}}} % Vector for differential form \newcommand{\cochain}[1]{\overset{\rightharpoonup}{#1}} % Vector for cochain \newcommand{\Abs}[1]{\big\lvert#1\big\rvert} % Absolute value (single big vertical bar) \newcommand{\abs}[1]{\lvert#1\rvert} % Absolute value (single vertical bar) \newcommand{\Norm}[1]{\big\lVert#1\big\rVert} % Norm (double big vertical bar) \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\lVert#1\rVert} % Norm (double vertical bar) \newcommand{\ouset}[3]{\overset{#3}{\underset{#2}{#1}}} % over and under set % Super/subscript for column index of a matrix, which is used in tensor analysis. \newcommand{\cscript}[1]{\;\; #1} \newcommand{\suchthat}{\textit{S.T.\;}} % S.T., such that % Star symbol used as prefix in front of a paragraph with no indent \newcommand{\prefstar}{\noindent$\ast$ } % Big vertical line restricting the function. % Example: $u(x)\restrict_{\Omega_0}$ \newcommand{\restrict}{\big\vert} % Math operators which are typeset in Roman font \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn} % Sign function \DeclareMathOperator{\erf}{erf} % Error function \DeclareMathOperator{\Bd}{Bd} % Boundary of a set or domain, used in topology \DeclareMathOperator{\Int}{Int} % Interior of a set or domain, used in topology \DeclareMathOperator{\rank}{rank} % Rank of a matrix \DeclareMathOperator{\divergence}{div} % Divergence \DeclareMathOperator{\curl}{curl} % Curl \DeclareMathOperator{\grad}{grad} % Gradient \DeclareMathOperator{\diag}{diag} % Diagonal \DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{tr} % Trace \DeclareMathOperator{\lhs}{LHS} % Left hand side \DeclareMathOperator{\rhs}{RHS} % Right hand side \DeclareMathOperator{\argmax}{argmax} \DeclareMathOperator{\argmin}{argmin} \DeclareMathOperator{\esssup}{ess\,sup} \DeclareMathOperator{\essinf}{ess\,inf} \DeclareMathOperator{\kernel}{ker} % The kernel set of a map \DeclareMathOperator{\image}{Im} % The image set of a map \DeclareMathOperator{\diam}{diam} % Diameter of a domain or a set \DeclareMathOperator{\dist}{dist} % Distance between two sets \DeclareMathOperator{\const}{const} \DeclareMathOperator{\adj}{adj} \DeclareMathOperator{\spann}{span} \DeclareMathOperator{\real}{Re} \DeclareMathOperator{\imag}{Imag} \)

Part IV
Linear algebra

 2.3 Summary